Patients
Eligible patients were 12 years of age or older and had at least one preexisting risk factor for progression to severe Covid-19 or were 60 years of age or older, regardless of whether they had other risk factors. Risk factors included hypertension, cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, obesity (a body-mass index [BMI; the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters] of ≥30), immune compromise, chronic mild or moderate kidney disease, chronic liver disease, chronic lung disease, current cancer, or sickle cell disease. Eligible patients had at least one ongoing symptom consistent with Covid-19, with onset of the first symptom within 7 days before randomization (given that hospitalization typically occurs at or after 7 days of symptoms).13,14 Eligible patients had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed by a molecular diagnostic assay within 4 days before screening (which corresponds with the period characterized by the highest viral loads).15
Patients were ineligible if they were receiving or were expected to receive supplemental oxygen or hospital care at the time of screening. Patients were also ineligible if they had had a previous hospitalization for Covid-19, had previously received treatment for Covid-19 (including investigational agents), or had received a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Full details are provided in the protocol and the statistical analysis plan (available with the full text of this article at NEJM.org).
Trial Design and Oversight
From September 18, 2020, through April 8, 2021, patients were enrolled at 64 sites in the United States, Spain, Denmark, and the United Kingdom. Trial sites included outpatient infusion facilities and skilled nursing facilities, and some participants received infusions at home. Patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive intravenous remdesivir (200 mg on day 1 followed by 100 mg on days 2 and 3) or placebo. Randomization was stratified according to residence in a skilled nursing facility (yes or no), age (<60 years or ≥60 years), and country (United States or outside the United States). All patients and trial personnel were unaware of the trial-group assignments. Before undergoing trial procedures, the patients provided written informed consent. Assent and parental or guardian consent were obtained if the patients were younger than 18 years of age.
The trial was approved by the institutional review board or ethics committee at each trial site and was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, Good Clinical Practice guidelines, and local regulations. The trial was designed and conducted by the sponsor (Gilead Sciences) in collaboration with the principal investigators and in accordance with the protocol and amendments. The sponsor collected the data, monitored the trial conduct, and performed the statistical analyses. An interim analysis to be performed by the data and safety monitoring board was planned for when 50% enrollment was reached. The manuscript was prepared by a writer who was employed by Gilead Sciences, with input from all authors. All the authors had data confidentiality agreements with the sponsor. All the authors vouch for the accuracy and completeness of the data and for the fidelity of the trial to the protocol.
Trial Assessments
Assessments included physical examinations, reporting of adverse events, blood testing, and the collection of nasopharyngeal swabs to quantify the SARS-CoV-2 viral load with the use of reverse-transcriptase–polymerase-chain-reaction (RT-PCR) assay at prespecified intervals. The electronic Covid-19–adapted Influenza Patient-Reported Outcome (FLU-PRO) Plus questionnaire (Evidera–PPD) was used to assess patient-reported symptoms. Patients completed the first questionnaire before the first infusion on day 1 and then daily through day 14. The symptom questionnaire was first available on October 21, 2020 (1 month after the start of enrollment). The full schedule of trial procedures is provided in the protocol.
End Points
The primary efficacy end point was a composite of hospitalization related to Covid-19 (as determined by site investigators, who were unaware of trial-group assignments, and defined as ≥24 hours of acute care) or death from any cause by day 28. The primary efficacy end point was initially a composite of hospitalization for any cause or death from any cause by day 14 and was modified on January 14, 2021, in response to comments from the Food and Drug Administration; trial blinding was maintained. The primary safety end point was any adverse event.
Secondary end points included the composite of Covid-19–related medically attended visits or death from any cause by days 14 and 28, Covid-19–related hospitalization by days 14 and 28, the time-weighted average change in nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 viral load from baseline to day 7, and the time to alleviation of baseline Covid-19 symptoms (with alleviation defined as mild or absent symptoms) as compared with those reported on the baseline FLU-PRO Plus questionnaire completed before the first infusion. Post hoc analyses were also conducted of hospitalization for any cause by day 28 and time to alleviation of baseline Covid-19 symptoms as reported on the FLU-PRO Plus questionnaire completed on the day of the first infusion, either before or after the infusion.
Statistical Analysis
Assuming that 9.3% of patients would die or have a Covid-19–related hospitalization and 5% would drop out of the trial, we determined that a sample of 1264 patients would provide the trial with more than 90% power to detect a hazard ratio for Covid-19–related hospitalization or death from any cause of 0.55 for the comparison of remdesivir with placebo, with a two-sided significance level of 0.05. All patients who underwent randomization and received at least one infusion were included in the analyses (the full analysis set). Demographic characteristics, baseline measurements, adverse events, and laboratory abnormalities were summarized descriptively.
Hazard ratios, rate ratios, and two-sided 95% confidence intervals for the primary and secondary end points were calculated with the use of a Cox proportional-hazards model adjusted for the stratification factors of residence in a skilled nursing facility (yes or no), age (<60 years or ≥60 years), and country (United States or outside the United States). The P value for the primary efficacy end point was calculated with the use of the same method. The percentage of patients who were hospitalized with Covid-19 by day 28 was estimated with the use of a Kaplan–Meier analysis. The time to alleviation of baseline Covid-19 symptoms in the prespecified and post hoc analyses was estimated with the use of the Kaplan–Meier product-limit method. The time-weighted average change in viral load from baseline to day 7 was assessed with the use of analysis-of-covariance, with baseline viral load as a covariate. The widths of all calculated confidence intervals were not adjusted for multiplicity.
On April 6, 2021, an orderly closure of trial enrollment was announced by the sponsor because of administrative reasons related to a decrease in the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infections, ethical concerns regarding assigning patients to placebo in the context of increased access to emergency-use–authorized treatments such as monoclonal antibodies, and increasing vaccination rates among high-risk persons. The last patient was enrolled on April 8, 2021. Of the 1264 patients who were expected to enroll, 562 (44.5%) had undergone randomization and had begun the trial regimen by the time enrollment was stopped. The data and safety monitoring board was informed that the trial had been stopped, and no interim analyses were performed before trial discontinuation. Double blinding was maintained until finalization of the data.
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